Celestial Spheres in the Ptolemaic Model

The celestial spheres are key features of the Ptolemaic geocentric model, describing the universe as a series of concentric spheres surrounding Earth.

Structure:
Each sphere carried a celestial body—such as the Moon, Sun, and planets—while the outermost sphere contained the fixed stars.

Philosophical and Religious Significance:
The spheres represented order and divine harmony, reflecting the belief in a cosmos governed by unchanging laws.

Impact:
Though replaced by the heliocentric model, the concept of celestial spheres shaped medieval astronomy, theology, and literature.